@n5qwf
There are a lot of affixes in Filipino. We call it "panlapi". We add them to the root word to make new meaning. There are many ways on how to use panlapi, but I don't want to go deeper with that since your concern is about the tenses or we say aspects of the verb in Filipino.
There are 4 aspects of the verb (aspekto ng pandiwa)
1. Aspektong pangnakaraan o perpektibo - this means the action is finished and done for a long time. We use "na-", "nag-", "-um-", "-in".
By forming the verb into perpektibo we can use this formula:
Panlapi + root word = Perpektibo
Ex.
Na + tulog = natulog
-um- + Kain = kumain
-in- + Kain = kinain
-in- + Sabi= sinabi
Kinain ng mga Bata ang tsokolate.
The children ate the chocolate.
2. Aspektong Perpektibong Katatapos.- this were the verbs that are "just done/just finished" just a while ago.
We use the panlaping "ka-"
Formula:
"Ka-" + repeat the first vowel or consonant-vowel of the root word + root word = katatapos
Ex.
Ka- + gising = kagigising
Kagigising ko lang
Ka- + luto = kaluluto
Kaluluto ko lang.
I just finished cooking.
3. Aspektong pangkasalukuyan o imperpektibo
- this are the verbs aren't finished. You are still doing it in the present time. Your current activity.
We use the panlapi "na-", "nag-", "-um-", "-in-".
Formula:
Panlapi + repeat the first vowel or consonant-vowel of the verb or root word + root word = imperpektibo
Ex.
Nag- + luto = nagluluto
Nagluluto ako ng adobo.
I am cooking adobo.
- Um- + Kain = kumakain
Kumakain ako ng tsokolate
I am eating a chocolate
4. Aspektong panghinaharap o kontemplatibo
This are the verb for future activity.
We use the panlapi "ma-" and "mag-"
Or we can not use a panlapi.
Formula
Panlapi + repeat the first vowel or consonant-vowel of the verb or root word + root word = kontemplatibo
Or
repeat the first vowel or consonant-vowel of the verb or root word + root word = kontemplatibo
Ex.
Mag- + laba = maglalaba
Maglalaba ako sa ilog.
I will wash the clothes in the river.
Ma- + tulog = matutulog.
Matutulog ako.
I will sleep.
Or
Takbo = tatakbo
Tatakbo ako bilang presidente.
I will run as president..
I hope this help.